February 20, 2025

Introduction:

The Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 has attracted millions of devotees to Prayagraj. However, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has reported alarming levels of fecal coliform bacteria in the Ganga. These bacteria are indicators of water contamination from human and animal waste. The presence of these bacteria poses health risks, especially during a time when many are immersing themselves in the river for religious rituals.

About Fecal Coliform Bacteria

• Fecal coliform bacteria are microorganisms found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including humans.
• They are typically present in fecal matter.
• Their presence in water indicates potential contamination from sewage or animal waste.
• High levels of these bacteria suggest that water may also contain harmful pathogens, such as viruses and parasites, which can cause diseases.

Health Risks Associated with Fecal Coliform

• Exposure to water contaminated with fecal coliform bacteria can lead to various health issues.
• These include gastrointestinal diseases like diarrhea, gastroenteritis, and typhoid fever.
• Consuming or bathing in contaminated water can result in stomach aches and other serious ailments.
• It also increases risks of cholera and hepatitis.
• The Centre for Science and Environment has reported that untreated sewage exposure can cause skin diseases and gastrointestinal infections among farmers using contaminated water for irrigation.

Safe Levels of Fecal Coliform

• According to guidelines set by the Ministry of Urban Development, the desirable limit for fecal coliform is 500 Most Probable Number (MPN) per 100 millilitres of water.
• The maximum permissible limit is capped at 2,500 MPN/100ml.
• Recent reports indicate that levels in the Ganga near Prayagraj have surpassed these limits, with readings as high as 11,000 MPN/100ml.

Sources of Contamination

• Contamination of the Ganga primarily arises from untreated sewage and animal waste.
• Factors contributing to high fecal coliform levels include sewage leakage, ineffective sewage treatment plants, and agricultural runoff.
• The CPCB has noted that untreated fecal material adds organic material to the water, leading to oxygen depletion and threatening aquatic life.