These are natural pesticides. They do not pollute the soil and are immune to getting resistant. For example: – strong smelling aromatic plants and their extracts like sweet basil, Mexican Marry Gold are used to control insects and fungi. Chilies can be used against insects, fungi, bacteria and viruses. Sun-hemp is used against insects, nematodes […]

It refers to the living organisms used to increase the fertility of soil. For example, symbiotic bacteria and blue green algae fix gaseous nitrogen as ammonia and release it hence increasing the fertility of soil and water respectively. They are used as bio fertilisers in the coastal areas. These life forms can be grown artificially […]

It is a soil at or below the freezing point of water degree for two or more years. Most permafrost is located in high latitudes (in and around Arctic and Antarctic regions) but Alpine permafrost may exist at high altitudes in much lower latitudes.

There are maximum and minimum limits with respect to the environmental factors such as water, light and temperature and these are called Tolerance Limits. The range between these maximum and minimum limits with respect to environmental factors where an organism can survive is called the Tolerance Range. Every organism has a tolerance range specific to […]

The population of a given area neither increases or decreases over a period of time.

A powdery poisonous yellow substance reported as dropping from the air in Southeast Asia and found to be the experiment of wild honeybees contaminated by fungal toxin.

The study of ecosystems in urban areas.

Planktonic organisms that are less than 2 micrometers in size.

Species which are selected for making conservation related decisions typically because protecting the species indirectly protects many other species that make up the ecological community of its habitat.

Permanently frozen, treeless expanse between the ice and the tree line of arctic regions.