January 27, 2025.
Introduction:
Recently, Georgia was officially certified malaria-free by the World Health Organization (WHO). This achievement marks milestone for the country and the WHO European region. Georgia joins 45 other countries and one territory that have reached this status. The certification reflects decades of effort and investment in malaria control and elimination.
Historical Context of Malaria in Georgia
- Malaria has affected Georgia for centuries.
- Before systematic control began in the early 1900s, three malaria parasite species were endemic – Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium vivax.
- After World War II, Georgia initiated an extensive malaria elimination programme. This included the use of new medicines, insecticide spraying, and improved entomological surveillance.
Key Milestones in Malaria Elimination
- Georgia successfully interrupted the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum by 1953.
- Plasmodium malariae was eliminated by 1960, followed by Plasmodium vivax in 1970.
- Although Georgia remained malaria-free for 25 years, a resurgence occurred in 2002, with 474 reported cases.
- In response, Georgia signed the Tashkent Declaration in 2005, committing to eliminate malaria.
Recent Achievements and Statistics
Intensified interventions led to decline in malaria incidence. The last indigenous malaria case in Georgia was recorded in 2009. By 2015, all countries in the WHO European region reported zero indigenous cases. In 2023, global malaria cases reached an estimated 263 million, with 597,000 deaths. The WHO African region accounted for 94% of cases.
About Malaria Transmission and Symptoms
Malaria is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Symptoms range from mild to severe. Mild symptoms include fever and chills, while severe cases can lead to confusion and seizures. High-risk groups include infants, young children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals.
Global and Regional Malaria Trends
In 2023, five countries—Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Ethiopia, and Mozambique—accounted for nearly 52% of global malaria cases. The rollout of malaria vaccines, RTS,S and R21, has improved vaccine coverage in endemic areas. Nine countries, including Egypt, have achieved malaria-free status since 2015.
Malaria in India – A Case Study
- India faced severe malaria challenges at independence, with 7.5 crore cases and 800,000 deaths annually.
- Persistent efforts have reduced cases by over 97%, with only 2 million cases reported annually by 2023.
- Deaths decreased to 83, showcasing India’s commitment to malaria elimination.
- The Annual Blood Examination Rate improved, ensuring early detection and intervention.